Planning Process Group
　　規(guī)劃過(guò)程組
　　The project management team uses the Planning Process Group and its constituent processes and interactions to plan and manage a successful project for the organization.The Planning Process Group helps gather information from many sources with each having varying levels of completeness and confidence.The planning processes develop the project management plan.These processes also identify,define,and mature the project scope,project cost,and schedule the project activities that occur within the project.As new project information is discovered,additional dependencies,requirements,risks,opportunities,assumptions,and constraints will be identified or resolved.The multi-dimensional nature of project management causes repeated feedback loops for additional analysis.As more project information or characteristics are gathered and understood,follow-on actions may be required.Significant changes occurring throughout the project life cycle trigger a need to revisit one or more of the planning processes and,possibly,some of the initiating processes.
　　項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)是利用規(guī)劃過(guò)程組、子過(guò)程及其相互關(guān)系來(lái)為組織規(guī)劃和管理成功的項(xiàng)目。規(guī)劃過(guò)程組有助于從完整和把握程度不一的多種來(lái)源中收集信息。項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃是經(jīng)過(guò)各規(guī)劃子過(guò)程制定出來(lái)的。這些過(guò)程還識(shí)別、明確和完善項(xiàng)目范圍和費(fèi)用，安排項(xiàng)目范圍內(nèi)各活動(dòng)的時(shí)間。在發(fā)現(xiàn)新的項(xiàng)目信息時(shí)，就識(shí)別或解決新發(fā)現(xiàn)的依賴(lài)關(guān)系、要求、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、機(jī)會(huì)、假設(shè)和制約因素。項(xiàng)目管理的多維性要求不斷地重復(fù)反饋，以使分析工作量不斷增加。隨著收集和了解到的項(xiàng)目信息或特征的增加，就可能要采取后繼行動(dòng)。項(xiàng)目生命期間發(fā)生的影響大的變更就必須重新認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)或多個(gè)規(guī)劃過(guò)程，甚至各啟動(dòng)過(guò)程。
　　Planning Process Group
　　規(guī)劃過(guò)程組
　　The project management team uses the Planning Process Group and its constituent processes and interactions to plan and manage a successful project for the organization.The Planning Process Group helps gather information from many sources with each having varying levels of completeness and confidence.The planning processes develop the project management plan.These processes also identify,define,and mature the project scope,project cost,and schedule the project activities that occur within the project.As new project information is discovered,additional dependencies,requirements,risks,opportunities,assumptions,and constraints will be identified or resolved.The multi-dimensional nature of project management causes repeated feedback loops for additional analysis.As more project information or characteristics are gathered and understood,follow-on actions may be required.Significant changes occurring throughout the project life cycle trigger a need to revisit one or more of the planning processes and,possibly,some of the initiating processes.
　　項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)是利用規(guī)劃過(guò)程組、子過(guò)程及其相互關(guān)系來(lái)為組織規(guī)劃和管理成功的項(xiàng)目。規(guī)劃過(guò)程組有助于從完整和把握程度不一的多種來(lái)源中收集信息。項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃是經(jīng)過(guò)各規(guī)劃子過(guò)程制定出來(lái)的。這些過(guò)程還識(shí)別、明確和完善項(xiàng)目范圍和費(fèi)用，安排項(xiàng)目范圍內(nèi)各活動(dòng)的時(shí)間。在發(fā)現(xiàn)新的項(xiàng)目信息時(shí)，就識(shí)別或解決新發(fā)現(xiàn)的依賴(lài)關(guān)系、要求、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、機(jī)會(huì)、假設(shè)和制約因素。項(xiàng)目管理的多維性要求不斷地重復(fù)反饋，以使分析工作量不斷增加。隨著收集和了解到的項(xiàng)目信息或特征的增加，就可能要采取后繼行動(dòng)。項(xiàng)目生命期間發(fā)生的影響大的變更就必須重新認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)或多個(gè)規(guī)劃過(guò)程，甚至各啟動(dòng)過(guò)程。
　　Since the feedback and refinement process cannot continue indefinitely,procedures set by the organization identify when the planning effort ends.These procedures will be affected by the nature of the project,the established project boundaries,appropriate monitoring and controlling activities,as well as the environment in which the project will be performed.
　　由于反饋與細(xì)化過(guò)程不能無(wú)止境地拖延下去，應(yīng)按組織確定的程序查明應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)束規(guī)劃過(guò)程的時(shí)機(jī)。這類(lèi)程序受項(xiàng)目性質(zhì)、既定的項(xiàng)目邊界、適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)控活動(dòng)，以及項(xiàng)目所處的環(huán)境的影響。
　　Other interactions among the processes within the Planning Process Group are dependent on the nature of the project.For example,on some projects there will be little or no identifiable risk until after most of the planning has been done.At that time,the team might recognize that the cost and schedule targets are overly aggressive,thus involving considerably more risk than previously understood.The results of the iterations are documented as updates to the project management plan.
　　規(guī)劃過(guò)程組內(nèi)各過(guò)程之間的其他關(guān)系取決于項(xiàng)目的性質(zhì)。例如，某些項(xiàng)目，只有在規(guī)劃的大部分完成之后才識(shí)別出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這時(shí)候，項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)可能才意識(shí)到費(fèi)用和進(jìn)度目標(biāo)過(guò)于樂(lè)觀(guān)，由此會(huì)帶來(lái)比以前的想像大得多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。反復(fù)規(guī)劃過(guò)程的結(jié)果當(dāng)做項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃的更新而記錄下來(lái)。
　　Note:Not all process interactions and data flow among the processes are shown.
　　說(shuō)明：本圖未將過(guò)程間的所有相互作用發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)流表示出來(lái)。
　　Figure 3-7.Planning Process Group
　　圖3-7 規(guī)劃過(guò)程組
　　The Planning Process Group facilitates project planning across multiple processes.The following list identifies the processes the project team should address during the planning process to decide if they need to be done,and if so,by whom.
　　規(guī)劃過(guò)程組通過(guò)多個(gè)過(guò)程加快項(xiàng)目的規(guī)劃。下面的清單列出項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)在規(guī)劃過(guò)程中應(yīng)考慮的各個(gè)過(guò)程，以便決定是否需要并在需要時(shí)決定應(yīng)由何人完成這些過(guò)程。

Initiating Process Group
　　啟動(dòng)過(guò)程組
　　The Initiating Process Group consists of the processes that facilitate the formal authorization to start a new project or a project phase.Initiating processes are often done external to the project's scope of control by the organization or by program or portfolio processes（Figure 3-5），which may blur the project boundaries for the initial project inputs.For example,before beginning the Initiation Process Group activities,the organization's business needs or requirements are documented.The feasibility of the new undertaking may be established through a process of evaluating alternatives to pick the best one.Clear descriptions of the project objectives are developed,including the reasons why a specific project is the best alternative solution to satisfy the requirements.The documentation for this decision also contains a basic description of the project scope,the deliverables,project duration,and a forecast of the resources for the organization's investment analysis.The framework of the project can be clarified by documenting the project selection processes.The relationship of the project to the organization's strategic plan identifies the management responsibilities within the organization.In multi-phase projects,initiating processes are carried out during subsequent phases to validate the assumptions and decisions made during the original Develop Project Charter and Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement processes.
　　啟動(dòng)過(guò)程組由一組有助于正式授權(quán)開(kāi)始一個(gè)新項(xiàng)目或一個(gè)項(xiàng)目階段的過(guò)程組成。各啟動(dòng)過(guò)程一般是由超出項(xiàng)目控制范圍之外的組織、計(jì)劃或綜合行動(dòng)過(guò)程來(lái)完成的（見(jiàn)圖3-5），對(duì)于初始項(xiàng)目的依據(jù)，這種情況模糊了項(xiàng)目邊界。例如，在啟動(dòng)過(guò)程組開(kāi)始之前，就已將組織的經(jīng)營(yíng)需要或要求形成了文件。新業(yè)務(wù)是否可行取決于備選方案評(píng)價(jià)與擇優(yōu)過(guò)程。就項(xiàng)目的目的與目標(biāo)已經(jīng)編寫(xiě)了清楚明白的文字說(shuō)明，這包括某具體項(xiàng)目成為滿(mǎn)足組織經(jīng)營(yíng)要求的最優(yōu)方案的理由。記載這一決定的文件還對(duì)項(xiàng)目范圍、可交付成果和項(xiàng)目時(shí)間做了基本說(shuō)明，還對(duì)組織投資分析的資源做了預(yù)測(cè)。將項(xiàng)目選擇過(guò)程整理歸檔將有助于弄清該項(xiàng)目的輪廓。項(xiàng)目與組織策略計(jì)劃的關(guān)系明確了該組織內(nèi)高層管理人員的責(zé)任。在多階段項(xiàng)目中，隨后階段進(jìn)行的啟動(dòng)過(guò)程是為了確認(rèn)在制定項(xiàng)目章程與擬定項(xiàng)目初步范圍說(shuō)明書(shū)過(guò)程中所做的原假設(shè)與決策的合理性。　
　　The initial scope description and the resources that the organization is willing to invest are further refined during the initiation process.If not already assigned,the project manager will be selected.Initial assumptions and constraints will also be documented.This information is captured in the Project Charter and,when it is approved,the project becomes officially authorized.Although the project management team may help write the Project Charter,approval and funding are handled external to the project boundaries.
　　在啟動(dòng)過(guò)程中，應(yīng)進(jìn)一步細(xì)化最初對(duì)于項(xiàng)目范圍和組織愿意投入的資源所做的說(shuō)明。如果尚未任命項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理，現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該選擇一位。最初的假設(shè)與制約因素也要擬成文件。這些信息應(yīng)反映在項(xiàng)目章程中，一旦項(xiàng)目章程獲得批準(zhǔn)，項(xiàng)目也就得到了正式授權(quán)。項(xiàng)目章程雖然可由項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)起草，但項(xiàng)目的批準(zhǔn)與資金的取得是在項(xiàng)目之外。
　　As part of the Initiating Process Group,many large or complex projects may be divided into phases.Reviewing the initiating processes at the start of each phase helps to keep the project focused on the business need that the project was undertaken to address.The entry criteria are verified,including the availability of required resources.A decision is then made whether or not the project is ready to continue or whether the project should be delayed or discontinued.During subsequent project phases,further validation and development of the project scope for that phase is performed.Repeating the initiating processes at each subsequent phase also enables the project to be halted if the business need no longer exists or if the project is deemed unable to satisfy that business need.
　　許多大型或者復(fù)雜的項(xiàng)目可以劃分為若干階段，這也屬于啟動(dòng)過(guò)程的一部分。在每一階段開(kāi)始時(shí)對(duì)啟動(dòng)過(guò)程進(jìn)行審查，有助于讓項(xiàng)目始終將注意力集中在它本來(lái)應(yīng)當(dāng)解決的商業(yè)需要上。此時(shí)要核對(duì)進(jìn)入下一階段的要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，包括是否有必需的資源等。然后，決定該項(xiàng)目是否已經(jīng)做好了繼續(xù)下去的準(zhǔn)備，或者是否應(yīng)推遲或中斷項(xiàng)目。隨后在各項(xiàng)目階段，要進(jìn)一步審核和細(xì)化本階段的項(xiàng)目范圍。以后的各階段重復(fù)啟動(dòng)過(guò)程，應(yīng)能夠在經(jīng)營(yíng)需要已經(jīng)消失或認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足這一經(jīng)營(yíng)需要時(shí)，將項(xiàng)目停頓下來(lái)。
　　Involving the customers and other stakeholders during initiation generally improves the probability of shared ownership,deliverable acceptance,and customer and other stakeholder satisfaction.Such acceptance is critical to project success.The Initiating Process Group（Figure 3-6）starts a project or project phase,and the output defines the project's purpose,identifies objectives,and authorizes the project manager to start the project.
　　讓顧客與其他利害關(guān)系者參與啟動(dòng)過(guò)程，通常有助于改善和提高同意分享項(xiàng)目所有權(quán)、認(rèn)同可交付成果、滿(mǎn)足顧客與其他利害關(guān)系者要求的可能性。這樣的認(rèn)同對(duì)于項(xiàng)目的成功至關(guān)緊要。啟動(dòng)過(guò)程組（見(jiàn)圖3-6）是開(kāi)始一個(gè)項(xiàng)目或項(xiàng)目階段，該過(guò)程組的成果確定了項(xiàng)目的用途，明確了目標(biāo)，并授權(quán)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理開(kāi)始實(shí)施這一項(xiàng)目。

The Initiating Process Group includes the following project managementprocesses:
　　啟動(dòng)過(guò)程組包括如下項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程：
　　1 Develop Project Charter
　　1 制定項(xiàng)目章程
　　This process is primarily concerned with authorizing the project or,in a multi-phase project,a project phase.It is the process necessary for documenting the business needs and the new product,service,or other result that is intended to satisfy those requirements.This chartering links the project to the ongoing work of the organization and authorizes the project.Projects are chartered and authorized external to the project by the organization,a program or portfolio management body.In multi-phase projects,this process is used to validate or refine the decisions made during the previous Develop Project Charter process.
　　這一過(guò)程的基本內(nèi)容是核準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)目或多階段項(xiàng)目的階段。它是記載經(jīng)營(yíng)需要，預(yù)定要滿(mǎn)足這些要求的新產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或其他成果的必要過(guò)程。頒發(fā)這一章程將項(xiàng)目與組織的日常業(yè)務(wù)聯(lián)系起來(lái)并使該項(xiàng)目獲得批準(zhǔn)。項(xiàng)目章程是由在項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)之外的組織、計(jì)劃或綜合行動(dòng)管理機(jī)構(gòu)頒發(fā)并授權(quán)核準(zhǔn)的。在多階段項(xiàng)目中，這一過(guò)程的用途是確認(rèn)或細(xì)化在以前制定項(xiàng)目章程過(guò)程中所做的各個(gè)決定?！?
　　2 Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement
　　2 制定項(xiàng)目初步范圍說(shuō)明書(shū)
　　This is the process necessary for producing a preliminary high-level definition of the project using the Project Charter with other inputs to the initiating processes.This process addresses and documents the project and deliverable requirements,product requirements,boundaries of the project,methods of acceptance,and high-level scope control.In multi-phase projects,this process validates or refines the project scope for each phase.
　　這是利用項(xiàng)目章程與啟動(dòng)過(guò)程組其他依據(jù)，為項(xiàng)目提出初步粗略高層定義的必要過(guò)程。這一過(guò)程處理和記載對(duì)項(xiàng)目與可交付成果提出的要求、產(chǎn)品要求、項(xiàng)目的邊界、驗(yàn)收方法，以及高層范圍控制。在多階段項(xiàng)目中，這一過(guò)程確認(rèn)或細(xì)化每一階段的項(xiàng)目范圍。