Project Management Process Groups
　　項目管理過程組
　　This section identifies and describes the five Project Management Process Groups required for any project.These five Process Groups have clear dependencies and are performed in the same sequence on each project.They are independent of application areas or industry focus.Individual Process Groups and individual constituent processes are often iterated prior to completing the project.Constituent processes also can have interactions both within a Process Group and among Process Groups.
　　本節(jié)識別與說明任何一個項目所必需的5個項目管理過程組。這5個項目管理過程組之間的依賴關系很清楚，對于每一個項目都是按照同樣的順序進行的。它們與應用領域或行業(yè)關心的重點無關。各個過程組及其子過程在項目完成之前經常被多次反復。子過程在過程組內或過程組之間也相互作用和影響。
　　The symbols for the process flow diagrams are shown in Figure 3-3:
　　繪制過程流程圖使用的符號如圖3-3所示：
　　Process Groups
　　過程組；
　　Processes within the Process Groups
　　過程組內的子過程；
　　Organizational Process Assets and Enterprise Environmental Factors,shown as inputs to and outputs from the Process Groups,but external to the processes
　　組織過程資產和事業(yè)環(huán)境因素，是過程組的依據和成果，但其存在于子過程之外；
　　Arrows or line arrows indicate process or data flow among or within the Process Groups.
　　箭頭或箭線表示子過程或數據在過程組內或過程組之間的流動。
　　Note:Not all process interactions and data flow among the processes are shown in an effort to make the diagrams more readable.
　　說明：為使本圖易于理解，沒有將過程間的所有互相作用和相互影響以及數據流表示出來?！?

　　The process flow diagram,Figure 3-4,provides an overall summary of the basic flow and interactions among the Process Groups.An individual process may define and constrain how inputs are used to produce outputs for that Process Group.A Process Group includes the constituent project management processes that are linked by the respective inputs and outputs,that is,the result or outcome of one process becomes the input to another.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group,for example,not only monitors and controls the work being done during a Process Group,but also monitors and controls the entire project effort.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group must also provide feedback to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan or to appropriately modify the project management plan.Many additional interactions among the Process Groups are likely.The Process Groups are not project phases.Where large or complex projects may be separated into distinct phases or sub-projects such as feasibility study,concept development,design,prototype,build,test,etc.all of the Process Group processes would normally be repeated for each phase or subproject.
　　圖3-4中的流程圖是過程組之間的基本數據流程和交互作用的粗略概括。其中，某個過程可以定義和制約該過程如何利用依據創(chuàng)造成果。一個過程組包括以各自的依據和成果相互聯系的項目管理子過程，也就是說，一個過程的結果或成果變成了另一個過程的依據。例如，監(jiān)控過程組不僅監(jiān)視和控制某一過程組正在進行的工作，而且還監(jiān)視和控制整個項目的成果。監(jiān)控過程組還必須提供反饋，以便決定是否需要為了使項目符合項目管理計劃而實施糾正或預防措施，或者適當地修改項目管理計劃。過程組之間也有可能增添許多其他相互關系或相互影響。但是，過程組不是項目階段。當大項目或復雜項目有可能分解為不同的階段或者不同的子項目時，如可行性研究、概念推敲、設計、樣機或樣品、建造、試驗等，每一階段或子項目都要重復過程組的所有子過程。

　　The five Process Groups are:
　　這5個過程組是：
　　Initiating Process Group.Defines and authorizes the project or a project phase.
　　啟動過程組。確定并核準項目或項目階段。
　　Planning Process Group.Defines and refines objectives,and plans the course of action required to attain the objectives and scope that the project was undertaken to address.
　　規(guī)劃過程組。確定和細化目標，并為實現項目而要達到的目標和完成項目要解決的問題范國而規(guī)劃必要的行動路線。
　　Executing Process Group.Integrates people and other resources to carry out the project management plan for the project.
　　執(zhí)行過程組。將人與其他資源結合為整體實施項目管理計劃。
　　Monitoring and Controlling Process Group.Regularly measures and monitors progress to identify variances from the project management plan so that corrective action can be taken when necessary to meet project objectives.
　　監(jiān)控過程組。定期測量并監(jiān)視績效情況，發(fā)現偏離項目管理計劃之處，以便在必要時采取糾正措施來實現項目的目標。
　　Closing Process Group.Formalizes acceptance of the product,service or result and brings the project or a project phase to an orderly end.
　　收尾過程組。正式驗收產品、服務或成果，并有條不紊地結束項目或項目階段?！　?nbsp;

Process Flow Diagrams
　　過程流程圖
　　A process flow diagram is provided in each Knowledge Area chapter。The process flow diagram is a summary level depiction of the process inputs and process outputs that flow down through all the processes within a specific Knowledge Area.Although the processes are presented here as discrete elements with well-defined interfaces,in practice they are iterative and can overlap and interact in ways not detailed here.
　　介紹知識領域的各章，繪有過程流程圖。該流程圖直觀、概括地展示出具體知識領域所有過程的依據與成果的傳遞路線與方向。該流程圖所表現的這些過程，雖然彼此之間有清楚的界線，互不聯系，但實際上，這些過程彼此交叉重疊，以此處無法詳細說明的方式相互影響與作用?！?
　　The symbols for the process flow diagrams are explained in Figure III-1 and depict three types of information:
　　圖III-1解釋過程流程圖使用的符號，并直觀地說明3種信息：
　　1.Knowledge Area processes,their interaction with other processes within the Knowledge Area,and their outputs to Chapter 4 integration processes.
　　1.知識領域的各過程及其與本知識領域內其他過程之間的相互影響與相互作用，以及這些過程供第4章各整體過程使用的成果。
　　2.Processes external to the Knowledge Area,whose outputs are used as inputs to the Knowledge Area processes under discussion.
　　2.知識領域之外的各過程及其供該知識領域當做依據使用的各項成果。
　　3.Organizational process assets and enterprise environmental factors are shown as inputs to the first process.
　　3.第一個過程的依據都是組織過程資產與事業(yè)環(huán)境因素。
　　The project management plan,and its subsidiary plans and components that are external to the Knowledge Area,are provided as input into the first process of the diagram,and are considered to be available in each subsequent process in their latest updated form.
　　知識領域之外的項目管理計劃及其分計劃與組成部分都表示為流程圖第一個過程的依據，并認為以后的各過程都可以在這一依據經過最近的更新之后加以利用。
　　The organizational process assets and enterprise environmental factors are shown as inputs to the first process to provide those items of information,policy,and procedure that are external to the project,but can impact the project planning and execution.These assets and factors,plus the external process outputs used as an input to a Knowledge Area process,are also considered to be available in each subsequent process in their latest updated form.
　　流程圖中組織過程資產與事業(yè)環(huán)境因素是第一過程的依據，提供屬于項目之外但可能影響項目規(guī)劃與執(zhí)行的信息、方針與程序。這些過程資產與事業(yè)環(huán)境因素，以及某一知識領域過程當做依據使用的外部過程成果，也認為以后的各過程都可以在這些成果經過最近的更新之后加以利用。
　　The process flow diagram is not detailed and does not show all the possible interfaces with all external processes.It also does not show possible alternate process flow paths or feedback loops among the specific Knowledge Area processes or with processes external to the Knowledge Area.The iterative nature of most projects makes the permutations of the process flows and feedback loops very complex.Therefore,in the interest of keeping the flow diagrams easier to follow,alternate or iterative paths were not included with the diagrams.
　　該過程流程圖沒有經過詳細繪制，也沒有將同所有外部過程所有可能的交接關系表示出來。該圖也沒有表示出過程的其他可能流向與路線，或者具體知識領域內各過程或與該知識領域之外過程之間的反饋回路。大多數項目所固有的反復性質，使過程流向、路線與反饋回路的排列、布置與繪制十分棘手。因此，為了便于掌握，流程圖中沒有表示過程的其他可能流向與路線，及其多次的重復。