Project Scope Management
　　項目范圍管理
　　Project Scope Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work required,and only the work required,to complete the project successfully5.Project scope management is primarily concerned with defining and controlling what is and is not included in the project.
　　項目范圍管理是確保項目包括成功完成項目所需的全部工作，但又只包括必須完成的工作的各個過程。它主要關(guān)心的是確定與控制那些應(yīng)該與不應(yīng)該包括在項目之內(nèi)的過程。
　　5.1 Scope Planning–creating a project scope management plan that documents how the project scope will be defined,verified,controlled,and how the work breakdown structure（WBS）will be created and defined.
　　5.1 范圍規(guī)劃——制定項目范圍管理計劃，記載如何確定、核實與控制項目范圍，以及如何制定與定義工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)（WBS）。
　　5.2 Scope Definition–developing a detailed project scope statement as the basis for future project decisions.
　　5.2 范圍定義——制定詳細的項目范圍說明書，作為將來項目決策的根據(jù)。
　　5.3 Create WBS–subdividing the major project deliverables and project work into smaller,more manageable components.
　　5.3 制作工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)——將項目大的可交付成果與項目工作劃分為較小和更易管理的組成部分。
　　5.4 Scope Verification–formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables.
　　5.4 范圍核實——正式驗收已經(jīng)完成的項目可交付成果。
　　5.5 Scope Control–controlling changes to the project scope.
　　5.5 范圍控制——控制項目范圍的變更。
　　These processes interact with each other and with processes in the other Knowledge Areas as well.Each process can involve effort from one or more persons or groups of persons,based on the needs of the project.Each process occurs at least once in every project and occurs in one or more project phases,if the project is divided into phases.Although the processes are presented here as discrete components with well-defined interfaces,in practice they can overlap and interact in ways not detailed here.
　　上述過程不僅彼此之間，而且還與其他知識領(lǐng)域過程交互作用。根據(jù)項目需要，每個過程可能涉及一個或多個個人或者集體所付出的努力。每個過程在每個項目或在多階段項目中的每一階段至少出現(xiàn)一次。雖然在本章中，過程是以界線分明的單個組成部分分開介紹的，但是在實踐中，它們卻可能以本章未詳細介紹的方式交叉重疊與交互作用。
　　In the project context,the term scope can refer to:
　　就項目而言，范圍這一術(shù)語可指：
　　Product scope.The features and functions that characterize a product,service,or result.
　　產(chǎn)品范圍——產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或成果的特征與功能。
　　Project scope.The work that needs to be accomplished to deliver a product,service,or result with the specified features and functions.
　　項目范圍——為提供具有規(guī)定特征與功能的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或成果而需要完成的工作。
　　This chapter focuses on the processes used to manage the project scope.These project scope management processes,and their associated tools and techniques,vary by application area,are usually defined as part of the project life cycle,and are documented in the project scope management plan.The approved detailed project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary are the scope baseline for the project.
　　本章重點是管理項目范圍的過程。項目范圍管理各過程，以及有關(guān)的工具與技術(shù)因應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域而異，通常將其視為項目生命期的一部分，所有這些均記載于項目范圍管理計劃之中。經(jīng)過批準(zhǔn)的詳細項目范圍說明書，相應(yīng)的工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)，以及工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)詞匯表是項目的范圍基準(zhǔn)。
　　A project generally results in a single product,but that product can include subsidiary components,each with its own separate,but interdependent,product scope.For example,a new telephone system would generally include four subsidiary components—hardware,software,training,and implementation.
　　項目所產(chǎn)生的通常是單項產(chǎn)品，但該產(chǎn)品卻可包括若干個從屬部分，每個部分都具備其單獨卻又相互依存的產(chǎn)品范圍。例如，一個新電話系統(tǒng)通常包括4個從屬部分，即硬件、軟件、培訓(xùn)和實施。
　　Completion of the project scope is measured against the project management plan,the project scope statement,and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary,but completion of the product scope is measured against the product requirements.Project scope management needs to be well integrated with the other Knowledge Area processes,so that the work of the project will result in delivery of the specified product scope.
　　項目范圍是否完成是以項目管理計劃、項目范圍說明書、相應(yīng)的工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)，以及工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)詞匯表作為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而產(chǎn)品范圍是否完成則以產(chǎn)品要求作為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。項目范圍管理需要與其他知識領(lǐng)域過程很好地結(jié)合，這樣才能確保項目工作交付規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品范圍。

Develop Project Management Plan:Tools and Techniques
　　制定項目管理計劃：工具與技術(shù)
　　1 Project Management Methodology
　　1 項目管理方法系
　　The project management methodology defines a process,which aids a project management team in developing and controlling changes to the project management plan.
　　項目管理方法系確定了協(xié)助項目管理團隊制定和控制項目管理計劃變更的過程。
　　2 Project Management Information System
　　2 項目管理信息系統(tǒng)
　　The project management information system,an automated system,is used by the project management team to support generation of the project management plan,facilitate feedback as the document is developed,control changes to the project management plan,and release the approved document.
　　項目管理信息系統(tǒng)是一個自動化系統(tǒng)，項目管理團隊利用項目管理信息系統(tǒng)制定項目管理計劃，在制定項目管理計劃時促進反饋，控制項目管理計劃的變更，發(fā)布批準(zhǔn)的項目管理計劃。
　　Configuration Management System
　　配置管理系統(tǒng)
　　The configuration management system is a subsystem of the overall project management information system.The system includes the process for submitting proposed changes,tracking systems for reviewing and approving proposed changes,defining approval levels for authorizing changes,and providing a method to validate approved changes.In most application areas,the configuration management system includes the change control system.The configuration management system is also a collection of formal documented procedures used to apply technical and administrative direction and surveillance to:
　　配置管理系統(tǒng)是整個項目管理信息系統(tǒng)的一個子系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)包括的過程用于提交變更建議，追蹤變更建議的審查與批準(zhǔn)制度，確定變更的批準(zhǔn)級別，以及確認批準(zhǔn)的變更方法。在大多數(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，配置管理系統(tǒng)包含變更控制系統(tǒng)。配置管理系統(tǒng)還是正式形成為文件的程序的全體，用于為下列事項提供技術(shù)和行政指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督：
　　Identify and document the functional and physical characteristics of a product or component
　　識別產(chǎn)品或組成部分的功能與實體特征并形成文件
　　Control any changes to such characteristics
　　控制上述特征的所有變更
　　Record and report each change and its implementation status
　　記錄并報告每一變更及其實施狀況
　　Support the audit of the products or components to verify conformance to requirements.
　　輔助產(chǎn)品或組成部分的審查，核實是否符合要求
　　Change Control System
　　變更控制系統(tǒng)
　　The change control system is a collection of formal documented procedures that define how project deliverables and documentation are controlled,changed,and approved.The change control system is a subsystem of the configuration management system.For example,for information technology systems,a change control system can include the specifications（scripts,source code,data definition language,etc.）for each software component.
　　變更控制系統(tǒng)是正式形成文件的過程的全體，用于確定控制、改變和批準(zhǔn)項目可交付成果和文件的方式、方法。變更控制系統(tǒng)是配置管理系統(tǒng)的一個子系統(tǒng)。例如，對于信息技術(shù)系統(tǒng)而言，變更控制系統(tǒng)可以包括每一軟件組件的技術(shù)規(guī)定說明書（腳本、源代碼、數(shù)據(jù)定義語言等）。
　　3 Expert Judgment
　　3 專家判斷
　　Expert judgment is applied to develop technical and management details to be included in the project management plan.
　　在制定應(yīng)列入項目管理計劃中的任何技術(shù)與管理細節(jié)時都會用到專家判斷。