General Management Knowledge and Skills
　　通用管理知識(shí)與技能
　　General management encompasses planning, organizing, staffing, executing, and controlling the operations of an ongoing enterprise. It includes supporting disciplines such as:
　　通用管理包括對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)中的企業(yè)的日常運(yùn)作進(jìn)行規(guī)劃、組織、配備人員、實(shí)施與控制。通用管理還涉及一些輔助學(xué)科，例如：
　　Financial management and accounting
　　財(cái)務(wù)管理與會(huì)計(jì)
　　Purchasing and procurement
　　采購(gòu)與采辦
　　Sales and marketing
　　銷(xiāo)售與市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)
　　Contracts and commercial law
　　合同與商業(yè)法
　　Manufacturing and distribution
　　制造與批發(fā)
　　Logistics and supply chain
　　物流與供應(yīng)鏈
　　Strategic planning, tactical planning, and operational planning
　　戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、戰(zhàn)術(shù)規(guī)劃與實(shí)施規(guī)劃
　　Organizational structures, organizational behavior, personnel administration, compensation, benefits, and career paths
　　組織結(jié)構(gòu)、組織行為、人事管理、補(bǔ)償、福利與成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程
　　Health and safety practices
　　健康與安全做法
　　Information technology.
　　信息技術(shù)
　　General management provides the foundation for building project management skills and is often essential for the project manager. On any given project, skill in any number of general management areas may be required. General management literature documents these skills, and their application is fundamentally the same on a project.
　　通用管理是掌握項(xiàng)目管理技能的基礎(chǔ)，因此對(duì)于項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理而言是十分重要的。在任何具體的項(xiàng)目上，可能要求使用許多通用項(xiàng)目管理領(lǐng)域的技能。通用管理文獻(xiàn)介紹這些技能，它們?cè)陧?xiàng)目上的應(yīng)用基本相同。

Interpersonal Skills
　　處理人際關(guān)系技能
　　The management of interpersonal relationships includes:
　　管理人際關(guān)系包括：
　　Effective communication. The exchange of information
　　有效的溝通。交流信息。
　　Influencing the organization. The ability to “get things done”
　　對(duì)組織施加影響。“把事情辦成”的能力。
　　Leadership. Developing a vision and strategy, and motivating people to achieve that vision and strategy
　　領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。構(gòu)見(jiàn)遠(yuǎn)景和戰(zhàn)略，并激勵(lì)人們實(shí)現(xiàn)之。
　　Motivation. Energizing people to achieve high levels of performance and to overcome barriers to change
　　 激勵(lì)。讓人們充滿活力去取得高水平的業(yè)績(jī)并克服變革的障礙。
　　Negotiation and conflict management. Conferring with others to come to terms with them or to reach an agreement
　　談判與沖突管理。與他人商討，與其取得一致或達(dá)成協(xié)議。
　　Problem solving. The combination of problem definition, alternatives identification and analysis, and decision-making.
　　解決問(wèn)題。將明確問(wèn)題、識(shí)別解決辦法與分析和做出決定結(jié)合起來(lái)。

Project Management Context
　　項(xiàng)目管理環(huán)境
　　Project management exists in a broader context that includes program management, portfolio management and project management office. Frequently, there is a hierarchy of strategic plan, portfolio, program, project and subproject, in which a program consisting of several associated projects will contribute to the achievement of a strategic plan.
　　項(xiàng)目管理處于廣泛的環(huán)境之中，包括計(jì)劃管理、綜合行動(dòng)和項(xiàng)目管理辦公室。戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃、綜合行動(dòng)、計(jì)劃、項(xiàng)目與子項(xiàng)目經(jīng)常組成為多層次的系統(tǒng)，其中由若干項(xiàng)目聯(lián)系的項(xiàng)目組成的計(jì)劃有助于戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
　　Programs and Program Management
　　計(jì)劃與計(jì)劃管理
　　A program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually. Programs may include elements of related work outside of the scope of the discrete projects in the program. For example:
　　計(jì)劃是經(jīng)過(guò)協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一管理以便獲取單獨(dú)管理時(shí)無(wú)法取得的效益和控制的一組互相聯(lián)系的項(xiàng)目。許多計(jì)劃還包括處于計(jì)劃中各單個(gè)項(xiàng)目范圍之外的有關(guān)工作的因素。例如：
　　A new car model program can be broken up into projects for the design and upgrades of each major component （for example, transmission, engine, interior, exterior） while the ongoing manufacturing occurs on the assembly line
　　某新型汽車(chē)計(jì)劃可分解為各個(gè)主要部件（如傳動(dòng)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、車(chē)箱內(nèi)部和外部）設(shè)計(jì)和更新的若干項(xiàng)目，而不打斷裝配線上的制造過(guò)程。
　　Many electronics firms have program managers who are responsible for both individual product releases （projects） and the coordination of multiple releases over a period of time （an ongoing operation）。
　　許多電子器件公司都有“計(jì)劃經(jīng)理”，他們既負(fù)責(zé)單項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品的推出（項(xiàng)目），也負(fù)責(zé)長(zhǎng)期協(xié)調(diào)多項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品的推出（持續(xù)運(yùn)作）。
　　Programs also involve a series of repetitive or cyclical undertakings. For example:
　　計(jì)劃還可能涉及一系列重復(fù)的或循環(huán)執(zhí)行的任務(wù)。例如：
　　Utilities often speak of an annual “construction program,” a series of projects built on previous efforts
　　公用事業(yè)部門(mén)常說(shuō)“年度施工計(jì)劃”，是靠以前的努力建成的一系列項(xiàng)目。
　　Many nonprofit organizations have a “fundraising program,” to obtain financial support involving a series of discrete projects, such as a membership drive or an auction
　　許多非營(yíng)利性的組織都有“資金籌集計(jì)劃”，這是為獲取資助的一系列需要單個(gè)進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目，諸如會(huì)員征集活動(dòng)或拍賣(mài)活動(dòng)。
　　Publishing a newspaper or magazine is also a program with each individual issue managed as a project. This is an example of where general operations can become “management by projects”。
　　報(bào)刊雜志的出版工作也是計(jì)劃，每一期都按項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行管理。出版工作本身是一項(xiàng)持續(xù)的業(yè)務(wù)，但是每期期刊則是其中的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目。報(bào)刊雜志的出版是一般連續(xù)業(yè)務(wù)“按照項(xiàng)目管理”的一個(gè)例子。
　　In contrast with project management, program management is the centralized, coordinated management of a group of projects to achieve the program's strategic objectives and benefits.
　　同項(xiàng)目管理相比，計(jì)劃管理是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)與利益，而對(duì)一組項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行的統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)管理。