The Auditor
  審計(jì)師
  The auditor must be a qualified to understand the criteria used and competent to know the types and amount of evidence to accumulate to reach the proper conclusion after the evidence has been examined. The auditor also must have an independent mental attitude. It does little good to have a competent person who is biased performing the audit.
  審計(jì)師必須有資質(zhì)理解將要使用到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有能力知道要收集哪些證據(jù)類型、數(shù)量大小，以便在審查完這些證據(jù)后可以得出正確的結(jié)論。同時(shí)，審計(jì)師必須能保持中立的態(tài)度，一個(gè)有能力但不能保持立場中立的審計(jì)師對整個(gè)審計(jì)來說幫助不大。
  Independence cannot be absolute by any means, but it must be a goal. For example, even though an auditor may be paid a fee by a company they may still be sufficiently independent to conduct audits that can be relied upon by users. Auditors may not be sufficiently independent if they are also company employees.
  保持中立不能一概而論，但必須是一個(gè)目標(biāo)。比方說，雖然審計(jì)師受人酬金，但他仍然能夠保持足夠的中立去執(zhí)行讓用戶認(rèn)可的審計(jì)。然而如果他們也是公司的雇員之一，也可能不能保持足夠的中立。
  Types of Reports
  報(bào)告的類型
  The final stage of the audit process is the audit report - the communication of findings to the users. Reports differ in nature, but in all cases they must inform readers of the compliance with IFPUG Counting Guidelines. The auditor can have three types of reports.
  審計(jì)過程的最后階段是交付審計(jì)報(bào)告---即把發(fā)現(xiàn)的信息反饋給用戶。各類報(bào)告雖有本質(zhì)不同，但都必須告訴用戶報(bào)告和IFPUG估算指導(dǎo)方針的吻合程度。審計(jì)師可以有以下三種類型的報(bào)告。
  Like in all audits, the most common report should be the Standard Unqualified Audit Report. It is used in 90 percent of all audits, and a function point audit should be no different. The standard unqualified report is used when the following conditions are met.
  和所有的審計(jì)一樣，最常用的報(bào)告是“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不合格項(xiàng)審計(jì)報(bào)告”。它在90%的審計(jì)中使用，功能點(diǎn)審計(jì)也不例外。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不合格項(xiàng)報(bào)告在以下條件符合的情況下使用：
  1. All systems and users documentation have been included in the original function point count.
  1．最初的功能點(diǎn)估算包含所有系統(tǒng)和用戶文檔。
  2. IFPUG Counting Practices Guidelines were followed.
  2．遵守了IFPUG估算實(shí)踐指南
  3. The function point count is thoroughly documented and with no outstanding issues.
  3．功能點(diǎn)估算被詳盡記錄且沒有大的問題。
  Another type of audit report is "conditions requiring a departure." There are two conditions requiring a departure from a Standard Unqualified Audit.
  另一個(gè)審計(jì)報(bào)告是“需拆離情況報(bào)告”。以下兩種情況需要從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不合格項(xiàng)審計(jì)報(bào)告中拆離出來：
  1. The scope of the auditor has been restricted. This is the case when the auditor has not accumulated enough evidence to conclude if the function point was completed in accordance with IFPUG 4.0 Counting Guidelines.
  1．審計(jì)師的范圍受限。當(dāng)審計(jì)師沒有收集足夠的證據(jù)來判定功能點(diǎn)估算是遵守IFPUG 4.0估算指南完成時(shí)使用。
  2. The function point count was not completed in accordance with IFPUG 4.0 Counting Guidelines. In this case, a detail analysis outlining the specific areas should be included in the final report.
  2．功能點(diǎn)估算不遵守IFPUG 4.0估算指南完成。在這種情況下，最終報(bào)告中要包含一份詳細(xì)分析報(bào)告，分析哪些關(guān)鍵域不遵守估算指南。

  Additionally, the auditor may create an adverse opinion. An adverse opinion is used only when the auditor believes the overall function point counts are so materially misstated or misleading that they do no present fairly the functional size of the application being counted. The auditor should be very specific on why they are making this conclusion.
  另外，如果審計(jì)師確信整個(gè)功能點(diǎn)估算中存在材料虛假或者讓人容易誤解的情況，以致于估算結(jié)果無法公正地體現(xiàn)被評估應(yīng)用的功能范圍時(shí)，審計(jì)師也會(huì)提出不利的結(jié)論。這種情況下,審計(jì)師應(yīng)該非常明確的知道他們?yōu)槭裁醋龀鲞@樣的結(jié)論。
  A 20 Step Procedure for Auditing a Function Point Count
  審計(jì)功能點(diǎn)估算20步曲
  1. Was the task of counting function points included in the overall project plan?
  All activities the project team engages in should be an item in the project plan. Ensure that adequate amount of time has been dedicated to achieve to complete the task.
  1．功能點(diǎn)估算任務(wù)是否被包含在總體項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃內(nèi)？所有項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員參與的活動(dòng)都應(yīng)列入項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃，確保投入了足夠的工時(shí)來完成估算任務(wù)。
  2. Is the person performing the function point count trained in Function Point Counting? Are they certified?
  2．執(zhí)行功能點(diǎn)估算的人可曾接受功能點(diǎn)估算培訓(xùn)？他們有證書么？
  To often function point counts are completed by individuals not trained in function point counting. Formal class room training may not be necessary, but the individual conducting the count should be familiar with IFPUG 4.0 counting rules.
  很多功能點(diǎn)估算是由沒經(jīng)過功能點(diǎn)估算培訓(xùn)的人完成。正規(guī)的課堂培訓(xùn)雖然不一定是必須的，但執(zhí)行功能點(diǎn)估算的個(gè)人應(yīng)該熟悉IFPUG 4.0估算原則。
  It is even better if the person completing the count has passed the IFPUG Certification exam. Passing he exam does not guarantee accurate counts, but it does guarantee a minimal level of competency.
  所以,最好是完成估算的人是通過IFPUG認(rèn)證考試的。通過驗(yàn)證考試并不保證估算的準(zhǔn)確性，但它一定程度上保證了個(gè)人能力。
  3．Were IFPUG 4.0 Counting Practices Manual followed?
  3．是否遵守IFPUG 4.0估算實(shí)踐手冊？
  4．Did the function point counter use current project documentation to count function points? If not How old was the documentation?
  4．功能點(diǎn)估算者使用了當(dāng)前項(xiàng)目文檔去估算功能點(diǎn)？如果不是，文檔有多舊？
  5．Did the project team participate in the function point count?
  5．項(xiàng)目組成員是否參與功能點(diǎn)估算
  The project team should be the most knowledgeable individuals regarding the functionality being delivered to the user. They are the best source of information regarding the project. Frequently the project team is left in the dark when a function point count is completed. The function point counter gathers some documentation and sits in a room for a few days and out comes a function point number. This will cause the project team to question the accuracy of the number.
  項(xiàng)目組成員應(yīng)該是最透徹理解將要交付給用戶的系統(tǒng)功能的人,因此,他們是提供項(xiàng)目信息的最好資源。但實(shí)際情況是常常一個(gè)功能點(diǎn)估算都完成了，項(xiàng)目組成員還被蒙在鼓里。功能點(diǎn)估算者只是收集一些文檔，然后在一個(gè)房間里坐幾天就出來一個(gè)功能點(diǎn)數(shù)字，這樣項(xiàng)目組成員難免會(huì)質(zhì)疑該數(shù)字的正確性。
  6．Were internally developed function point counting guidelines followed?
  6．是否遵守內(nèi)部開發(fā)的功能點(diǎn)估算指南？
  7．Was the application counted from the user's point of view?
  7．應(yīng)用是否從用戶的角度進(jìn)行估算？
  8．Was the system counted from a logical and not a physical point of view?
  8．系統(tǒng)是否從一個(gè)邏輯而不是純粹物理的角度估算？
  9．Does the established boundary for the FP count match the boundary of other metrics (time reporting, defect tracking)? If not, why?
  9．為功能點(diǎn)估算建立的邊界是否與其他度量（時(shí)間報(bào)告，缺陷跟蹤）的邊界匹配？如果不，為什么？
  10． f the function point count was for an enhancement was boundary the same as the boundary for the application? If not, why?
  10．如果是對一個(gè)優(yōu)化功能的估算，則它的邊界和一個(gè)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的邊界是否一樣，如果不是，為什么？
  11． as the boundary changed? If so, why?
  11．邊界改變過么，如果改變過，為什么？
  12． Was any tool used for function point counting or was the count done manually?
  if the count was done manual a review of the arithmetic needs to be done.
  12．是否使用工具進(jìn)行估算，還是手工完成？
  如果是手工完成，則需要復(fù)審數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算的正確性。
  13． Do the individual Function Point components (ILF, EIF, EI, EO, and EQ) percentages conform to industry averages. If not, is there a valid reason?
If auditing several applications, are the percentages of transactions and files similar.
  13．每個(gè)單獨(dú)的功能點(diǎn)元素（ILF,EIF,EI,EO,和EQ）的比率是否符合行業(yè)均值，如果不是，是否有合理的理由？如果審計(jì)幾個(gè)應(yīng)用，事務(wù)和文件的比率是否相似？
  14． Has an inventory of transactions (EI, EO and EQ) and files (ILF and EIF) been reviewed by the project team. The greatest error counting function point is the error of omission (not including everything). It is important that the application team review the function point count for completeness and accuracy.
  14．事務(wù)（EI,EO和EQ）和文件（ILF和EIF）清單是否被項(xiàng)目組成員評審過。功能點(diǎn)估算最大的錯(cuò)誤是疏漏（沒有包含所有東西），所以，項(xiàng)目組對功能點(diǎn)估算的完整性和準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行復(fù)審就非常重要.
  15． Does the total Value Adjustment Factor agree with other projects? The total Value Adjustment Factor should fall within +/- 5 percent of the average value adjustment factor for all applications reviewed. If it falls outside of this range a written explanation needs to be included with the function point count. For example, if the average VAF was 1.05, then the VAF would have to be between 1.0 and 1.10.
  15．總的數(shù)值調(diào)整參數(shù)是否和其他項(xiàng)目一致？總的數(shù)值調(diào)整參數(shù)應(yīng)落在所有被評審的應(yīng)用的平均調(diào)整參數(shù)的正/負(fù)5%之間。如果超出這個(gè)范圍，需要有書面文檔說明。舉個(gè)例子，如果VAF的平均值是1.05，則VAF應(yīng)該在1.0和 1.10間。
  16． Does each of the 14 General System Characteristics fall within the ranges of other projects? Is each General System Characteristics within 1 point of the average GSC.. For example, if a particular GSC was rated as 2.0 then the GSC would have to be either be 1, 2 or 3. If the GSC was outside this range a written explanation needs to be included with the function point count.
  16. 是否14個(gè)通用系統(tǒng)特性中的每一個(gè)都落在其他項(xiàng)目的范圍內(nèi)？ 是否每個(gè)通用系統(tǒng)特性都在平均 GSC的一個(gè)點(diǎn)內(nèi)。比如，如果一個(gè)特定的GSC被定級為2.0，則該GSC必須是1,2或3。如果GSC超出這個(gè)范圍，則需要有一個(gè)書面說明。
  17． Have all the assumptions associated with the function point count be documented. All assumptions should be documented so they can be reviewed at later date if necessary.
  17.是否所有和功能點(diǎn)估算有關(guān)的假設(shè)條件都被文檔化了？所有假設(shè)條件都應(yīng)當(dāng)文檔化以便日后需要的時(shí)候備查。
  18． Are these assumptions consistent with other projects ?
  18．這些假設(shè)條件是否與其他項(xiàng)目一致？
  19． Have all the assumptions impacting Function Point Counting been forwarded to a the central function point group? All assumptions should be reviewed by the central function point group.
  19．是否所有的影響功能點(diǎn)估算的假設(shè)條件都被提交給一個(gè)中心功能點(diǎn)團(tuán)隊(duì)？所有的假設(shè)都應(yīng)被中心功能點(diǎn)團(tuán)隊(duì)評審。
  20． Has the count been reviewed by an independent Certified Function Point Specialist?
  20.估算是否被一個(gè)獨(dú)立的功能點(diǎn)認(rèn)證專家組評審？
  Conclusions
  結(jié)論
  In almost every sophisticated industry there are auditors and inspectors function point analysis should not be any different. There is not need to fear audits or auditors. If they are done appropriately they should provide valuable feedback on the function point counting process. The audit report may allow you to correct any incorrect function point counts, and re-evaluate the decisions you have made to date.
  在幾乎所有大企業(yè)里，都有審計(jì)師和監(jiān)督員，功能點(diǎn)分析員也不例外。我們沒必要去懼怕審計(jì)或?qū)徲?jì)師。因?yàn)槿绻麄儗徲?jì)正確，將會(huì)給功能點(diǎn)估算過程提供非常有價(jià)值的反饋。審計(jì)報(bào)告允許你去糾正任何不正確的功能點(diǎn)估算，并按最新結(jié)果修正原來的結(jié)論。
  注釋:
  1． IFPUG--The International Function Point Users Group，即國際功能點(diǎn)用戶組，該組織在1994年發(fā)布了 IFPUG 4.0估算實(shí)踐手冊。
  2． GSC---General System’s Characteristics，即系統(tǒng)通用功能特性。
  3． VAF---Value Adjustment Factors，即參數(shù)調(diào)整因子。
  （全文完）